first aid Free Essays

Medical aid Free Essays Presentation First guide is the prompt help or treatment given to somebody harmed or out of nowhere become sick before the appearance of an emergency vehicle, specialist, or other fitting qualified people. It is an aptitude, in light of information, preparing and experience. Medical aid preparing is significant as it is applicable at home, work spot or enterprises and some other spot. We will compose a custom article test on Medical aid or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The term â€Å"FIRST AIDER† is typically applied to somebody who has finished a hypothetical and viable guidance course, and breezed through an expertly directed assessment. The standard medical aid endorsement granted by St John Ambulance, St Andrews Ambulance Association and the British Red Cross is confirmation of all round ability. Medical aid must be regulated as quickly as time permits. If there should arise an occurrence of basic injury, a couple of moments can have the effect between complete recuperation and death toll. Emergency treatment requires quick evaluation of casualties to decide if dangerous conditions exists. Medical aid measures rely upon the casualties need and the provider’s level of information and expertise. Realizing what not to do in a crisis is as significant as recognizing what to do. Meaning OF TERMS FIRST AIDER: somebody who has finished a hypothetical and down to earth guidance course, and breezed through an expertly managed assessment. Crisis: A genuine, startling and possibly risky circumstance requiring quick activity or a surprising occasion that must be managed desperately. Setback: someone who has a lethal mishap, or gets a genuine physical issue or out of nowhere becomes sick. Mishap: An unsavory episode that happens surprisingly. Episode: An occasion, the event of hazardous or energizing occasion. Emergency vehicle: A vehicle for becoming ill or harmed individuals to and from clinic. Emergency clinic: An organization giving clinical treatment and nursing care for debilitated or harmed individuals. IMMOBILIZE: Prevent from moving or working as should be expected. SIGN: What you see on the setback. Side effects: What the loss feels and lets you know. Medical aid DEFINITION: †quick help or treatment given to a harmed individual or somebody who out of nowhere becomes sick before the appearance of an emergency vehicle, specialist, or other proper qualified people. It is additionally the principal care given to a loss or somebody who out of nowhere becomes sick before the appearance of a specialist or before taking the individual to the medical clinic. Points AND OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID †¢To spare life. †¢To advance fast recuperation. †¢To keep the circumstance from deteriorating †¢To spare time. †¢To spare expense. Standards OF FIRST AID The brilliant guideline is ‘’ first do no harm’’ while applying the rule of determined hazard. You should utilize treatment that is well on the way to be gainful to a setback yet don't utilize a far fetched treatment only for accomplishing something. Evaluate the circumstance ?Observe what has happened rapidly and tranquilly. ?Search for threats to yourself and to the loss. ?Never put yourself in danger. Make zone safe. Shield the setback from risk. ?Know about your constraints. Evaluate all setbacks and give crisis help ?Assess every loss to decide treatment needs, and treat those with perilous conditions first. Find support ?Quickly guarantee that any vital master has been gathered and is in transit QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER †¢Be clev er consistently. †¢Be thoughtful and sympathetic to your loss. †¢Be savvy and sure. †¢Be perceptive. †¢Be strong. †¢Be delicate SCOPE OF FIRST AID This is the deliberate method of managing medical aid;- DIAGNOSIS:- †¢History Signs †¢Symptoms CARE:- This ought to be provided arranged by need I. e. breathing, dying, consumes and broken bones Transportation-Arrange to pass on the loss immediately to his home, appropriate safe house, emergency clinic as well as call a specialist in any genuine case. Crisis RESPONSE This is another strategy taken to guarantee that fitting medical aid and security is watched while helping a setback. When to utilize it relies upon the circumstance you get yourself. D †Danger. R †Response (A. V. P. U. I. e. Alert, voice, torment, lethargic). A †Airway. B â€Breathing (L. L. F I. e. ook, tune in and feel). C - course THE RESUSCITATION SEQUENCE To survey and treat a loss who has breakdown utilize the revival procedures, got on the accompanying pages. In the event that breathing and heartbeat return at any focuses place the loss in a recuperation position. The revival grouping Check reaction ? Open aviation route and check breathing ? Relax for the setback ? Evaluate for flow ? start CPR. CHECKING RESPONSE On finding a setback, you should initially set up whether the loss is cognizant or oblivious. Pose a straightforward inquiry, for example, ‘’hello would you be able to hear me’’. ’What has happened to you’’. or on the other hand provide an order such as’’ open your eyes’’. Talk noisily and obviously, near the casualty’s ear. OPEN THE AIRWAY An oblivious casualty’s aviation route may get limited or blocked. This makes breathing troublesome and uproarious or totally unthinkable. The principle purpose behind this is solid control in the throat is lost, which permits the tongue to fall back and hinde r the aviation route. Lifting the jaw and inclining the head back lifts the tongue away from the passageway to the air section, permitting the loss to relax. To open the aviation route †Spot two fingers under the purpose of the casualty’s jawline lift the jaw. Simultaneously, place your other hand on the casualty’s temple and tenderly tilt the head well back. CHECKING BREATHING ?Kneel other than the setback and put your face near his mouth. ?See, tune in and feel for relaxing. ?Look along the chest to check whether the chest rises and falls, demonstrating relaxing. ?Tune in for hints of relaxing. ?Feel for breath on your cheek. ?Do these checks for as long as ten seconds before concluding that breathing is missing. Relax FOR THE CASUALTY )Look into the mouth and expel any conspicuous deterrent including broken or dislodged false teeth from the mouth. Leave well fitted false teeth set up. 2)Open the aviation route by inclining the head and utilizing two fingers to lift the jaw. 3)Close the casualty’s nose by squeezing it with your forefinger and thumbs. Take a full inhale and spot your lips around his mouth, making a decent seal. 4)Blow into your casualty’s mouth until you see the chest rise. Take around two seconds for full swelling. 5)Remove your lips and permit the chest to fall completely, which takes around four seconds. Rehash this once and afterward survey for indications of dissemination. In the event that heartbeat is missing and there are no indication of recuperation, for example, any development, gulping, hacking or breathing, start cardio aspiratory revival. In the case of breathing returns, place the loss in the recuperation position. Surveying FOR CIRCULATION Check the beat for as long as ten seconds, during which, search for different indications of recuperation, for example, development, breathing, gulping and hacking. In the event that you can't discover the beat or there are no different indications of course, Begin chest compressions right away. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) In the event that there is no heartbeat, this implies the heart has quit thumping and you should give a counterfeit flow by methods for chest pressure. To be of any utilization, this procedure should consistently be joined with counterfeit ventilation. This technique is known as Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation or CPR for short. On the off chance that both you and your partner have been prepared to manage C. P. R, you can do so together. GIVING CHEST COMPRESSIONS ?Kneel adjacent to the loss find one of his lowermost ribs with the list and center finger. Slide your finger along the ribs to where lowermost ribs meet at the bosom bone. Spot the impact point of your other hand on the bosom bone and slide it down until it arrives at your pointer. This is where you ought to apply pressure. ?Spot the impact point of your direct on the other hand and entomb lock your fingers. ?Inclining great over the setback with your arms straight, press vertically down and discourage the bosom bone around 4 -5cm, discharge the weight without expelling your hands. Pack the chest multiple times focusing on a pace of around 100 compressions for every moment. At that point give two counterfeit ventilations. Proceed with this pattern of rotating 30 chest compressions with two breaths of counterfeit ventilation until help shows up. CPR FOR A CHILD AND A BABY a similar revival succession is appropriate for a kid however exchange five chest compressions with one breath of fake ventilation. For one moment before calling an emergency vehicle. Position your hand as you would for a grown-up however use impact point of one hand as it were. For a child under one year, place the tip of finger on the lower bosom bone. Do this multiple times at a pace of 100 every moment Give one full breath of counterfeit ventilation, by breathing into the baby’s mouth and nose. The most effective method to refer to First Aid, Papers

Use of PEEP in Ventilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Utilization of PEEP in Ventilation - Essay Example A ventilator is a component that gives adequate oxygen to a patient from remotely. Ordinarily, during inactive exhalation, the alveolar weight is equivalent to the air pressure toward the finish of exhalation. Positive end expiratory weight (PEEP) is utilized for the most part to select or settle lung units and improve oxygenation in patients with hypoxemic respiratory disappointment along these lines the weight of the alveoli toward the finish of exhalation is kept up at proper level. Estimation of respiratory framework mechanics in patients who are exposed to outside mechanical ventilation experiencing low tidal volumes is essential to survey the status of the illness and to pick proper ventilator settings. (Pilar Saura and Lluis Blanch, 2002). Inquires about so far completed have illuminated the unmistakable side of utilization of PEEP. Anyway no controlled investigations have been done to exhibit the best technique for picking the degree of PEEP. Truth be told most doctors delay to utilize PEEP level more than 10cm H2O.(Jesus Villar, 2003,) The essential capacity of the lungs includes the exchange of oxygen from the breathed in air into the blood and the exchange of carbon dioxide from the blood into the breathed out air. At whatever point a patient experiences the breaking down of lungs because of inappropriate gas trade he should be inside the enclave of respiratory disappointment. ARDS, the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is regularly the prolific soil for respiratory inability to get supported. In ARDS there is unexpected respiratory disappointment because of the fast amassing of liquid in the lungs following a sudden increment in the porousness of the ordinary hindrance between the vessels and the alveoli air sacs in the lungs. This harms the vessels and alveoli air sacs. Spillage of liquid from the harmed vessels to air sacs making a few sacs breakdown and a few sacs loaded up with the liquid. This makes the lung solid. Gas trade is

Can You Start A College Admissions Essay With A Short Paragraph

Can You Start A College Admissions Essay With A Short Paragraph Students Ask: Is it bad to start a college essay with a paragraph that is really short? Students Ask: Is it bad to start a college essay with a paragraph that is really short? Q: Would it be bad to start with a two-sentence paragraph? All the rest of my paragraphs are normal length. A: When it comes to the college admissions essay, capturing the attention of an admissions officer can be difficult, and an opening paragraph that challenges traditional writing conventions can be an effective way to stand out. That said, students shouldnt break the rules without good reason. What does this short paragraph accomplish? Does it ask a striking question? Does it entice the reader into wanting to learn more? Would a third sentence (three is usually the least it takes to craft a solid paragraph) actually enhance the rhythm and value of the first two statements? These are the kinds of questions you want to ask yourself before committing to a two sentence opener. Risks in writing do have rewards, but only if there is logic and impact to back up those choices. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Alcoholism and College Students Essay - 925 Words

Alcohol abuse is a serious health problem when it comes to college students. The average amount of binge drinkers on college campuses is 50% of men and 39% of women (a href=http://www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers/http://www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers//a). There are various reasons why students drink and serious short and long term effects on the body and mind. Alcoholism is a serious problem for college students and there are many actions being taken to try to lessen the problem among colleges throughout the country. There are various reasons why students choose to drink in college. Peer pressure, academic stress, wanting to fit in, wanting to be more social and outgoing, or because they are away†¦show more content†¦This was later realized where 68% reported that they partied, 65% of them drank alcohol, 39% got drunk, and 8% drank till they passed out (a href=http://apha.confex.com/apha/130am/http://apha.confex.com/apha/130am//a techprogram/paper_40822.htm). Some other effects that can happen from drinking is that students get in trouble with police, vandalism, get injured, or even worse, death. Over 1,400 students are killed annually because of their alcohol use, according to researchers at the Boston University School of Public Health. This survey also claims that over 600,000 students a year are assaulted by other students who have been drinking. Additionally, over 70,000 are the victims of sex assaults or date rapes in similar circumstances. These are very disturbing figures. Thirty-one percent of college students met criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse and 6 percent for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence in the past 12 months, according to questionnaire-based self-reports about their drinking. Drinking heavily seems to bring out more difficulties in a persons life and can only continue the same way as an adult. One starts to rely on alcohol to solve problems and may continue throughout their li fe because their body becomes dependent on alcohol to make them feel good again. Alcohol is distributed throughout most of the body; it can affect manyShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism in College Students1558 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people and today realize and today threatens too many of our youth. -Senator Joe Lieberman Why do college students drink so much? This timeless fad has effected this generation in high percentages since the beginning of college education. Today in America it is estimated that approximately 29% of college students are regular alcohol abusers. Another recent study by the National Institute of AlcoholRead MoreWork Hard, Party Harder: Alcoholism and College Campuses Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesCollege! A great place to build a foundation for the future. A great place for independence, responsibility and maturity. Sure that’s all part of the whole college experience, but what really lurks on campus during the late nights? What happens on Fridays and Saturdays? Are students in their dorms anxiously for Monday to come? Well, all types and ranges of activities come about; from a good game of tennis at the tennis court, to lighting up that mary-jane at the parking lot. I know this may soundRead MoreA Research Study On Prevention1432 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther provin g that early indicators of alcoholism may be prevented with the proper training and education. The strategies used in Join Together’s moment include research-based prevention programs, and teacher training specifically for educating parents and students. The sooner kids and teens learn about the indicators of alcoholism the less likely they are to become young adults with alcohol dependency. Join Together also recommends that older students or even young adults help train and educateRead MoreCollege Drinking A Major Problem That Affects The Lives Of Many People1138 Words   |  5 Pages Josh Roy Essay 3 Final College drinking a major problem that affects the lives of many College drinking is a major problem and it affects the lives of students their families and the community. As the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website notes: â€Å"About four out of five college students drink alcohol. . .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). The Affects of alcohol have impacted the lives of many people. I believe drinking is a problem, and believe that it is a problemRead MoreIts a Party, Its a Party, Its a Party1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse is a major problem on most college campuses in America. Majority of college students might not think it is an enormous problem, but in fact it is: it is among one of the biggest problems that colleges and universities all across America face. For instance, speaking at the Senate Committee of Homeland and Government Affairs, Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut stated, â€Å"Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people realize andRea d MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Genetics Of Alcoholism Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different evaluation instruments that are used to test for alcoholism, the results are also used to help with the eventually treatment of the person diagnosed with alcoholism. Some of the evaluation tools that are used to detect alcoholism and the severity are the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), Alcohol use disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), T-ACE, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Substance AbuseRead MoreAlcoholism : A Social Issue Aspect1535 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism in a social issue aspect 1. Introduction In todays society there has been a huge controversial issue, on college campuses specifically, about drinking. Administrators, staff, volunteers, and even students have attempted to reduce the amount of usage of the consumption of alcohol or stop it once and for all. Some students’ use drinking in way to cease stress, to promote the feeling in power, or to branch out and socialize, but the outcome of it is not something to be hyped up about.Read MoreAlcoholism Is A Strong Predictor Of Job Loss Amongst Men829 Words   |  4 PagesThe current study seeks to answer a common question about alcoholism and unemployment; specifically, what is the causal factor. Researchers examined whether or not alcoholism caused an individual to lose their job, or if their job caused the individual to drink. Results of the study indicate that alcoholism was a strong predictor of job loss amongst men. The frequency and amount of alcohol consumed were crucial elements during this course of resea rch. The greater the alcohol consumption, theRead MoreThe Dangers Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1165 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone to drink and how can they overcome alcoholism? Are a person s emotions the motivating factor to suppress depression or hate? Are social groups, peer pressure, or the need to fit in the primary motivator or is it a result from the type of environment the drinker was raised in? Is it possible to overcome alcoholism and live a happy and normal life? Let’s take a look at a few of the factors that could motivate someone to fall victim to alcoholism and the chances of overcoming this dreadfulRead MoreIts a Party, Its a Party, Its a Party1122 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse is a major problem throughout college campuses in America. The majority of college students may not think it is an enormous problem, but it is. Alcohol abuse is among one of the biggest problems that colleges and universities across America face. Speaking at the Senate Committee of Homeland and Government Affairs, Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut stated, â€Å"Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people realize and today threatens

Whispered Essay Topics about Globalization Secrets

Whispered Essay Topics about Globalization Secrets The Most Popular Essay Topics about Globalization Your essay should speak about the simple fact that the site is representative of globalization values not a site that explains globalization. In addition, there are links to other articles that handle similar topics. Although this report is helpful for your stance against globalization, it offers a fair evaluation of the problem also. Do not write your essay on the web site Globalization101 for example. This globalization essay topics are ideal for students that are new to the idea of globalization. Make certain you do sufficient research in order for your essay or paper completely covers the topic you're attempting to write about. Globalization is a wide subject, and you have to narrow down the essay topic. Therefore, it's required to guarantee globalization is among the topics in class. You may also turn to internet writing professionals and have them compose an entirely special globalization topic for you. Whenever you have challenges in identifying an excellent research topic on globalization, don't hesitate to inquire on the internet on a list of impressive research topics on globalization and you're going to be assisted professionally. Furthermore, those who oppose globalization consider it like a type of neo-colonialism in the sort of comparative benefit. While globalization covers a broad range of topics, that range from cultural values and information to economics a nd global trade, most modern discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of globalization is centered on economics and culture. What to Expect From Essay Topics about Globalization? Effective communication throughout the world has been a big contributing element. Last Thoughts Globalization is a great thing. At the heart of the globalization argument is the notion of the invisible hand of the industry, as conceived by Adam Smith. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. At length, the fourth source can be found in the peculiarities of cultural improvement. Also, there are assorted sources of globalization that have made a profound effect on the world these days. Essay Topics about Globalization at a Glance Doctors don't have to be at a specific hospital to take care of their patients. Today, students may learn over the net and sit for the exams online. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Essay Topics about Globalization: the Ultimate Convenience! Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and several others are heavily used across the planet. Advantages of globalization can't be equally distributed throughout the world. Multiculturalism for a feature of culture below the pract ice of globalization. Another key advantage of globalization is the completely free movement of work. At the moment, it has become the building blocks of the well-known worldwide idea of globalization. A description of the way the small company can attain globalization is going to be offered. Microsoft is among the most significant examples. Essay Topics about Globalization: the Ultimate Convenience! Or you are even allowed to receive a distinct portion of your essay paper done. There are many sorts of essays, among which a research essay is among the toughest. If it's the very first time when you've been given the task to compose an essay on globalization, you're welcome to have a look at the best globalization research paper topics. Similarly, you're totally free to order entire academic project and be confident that we'll deliver a perfect paper for you. Things You Should Know About Essay Topics about Globalization To be safe, regulations created by the government agencies should concentrate on protecting the jobs which should visit the citizens first prior to going to expatriates. It has no choice but to increase taxation of goods and services to meet their increasing financial budget. In summary, even though there are concerns with the globalisation to children, the majority of the nations in the world get benefits due to that. Globalization is the procedure by which countries, economies, and regions are integrated in an international network.

The Sudden Blow Free Essays

Her head was pounding from the sudden blow. Blood was running down the side her face as she began to remember. He had tormented her, degraded her feelings, and took away her financial stability. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sudden Blow or any similar topic only for you Order Now She felt forever trapped as she was the only one to witness such vile acts. â€Å"There is no one here to see this. There is no one here to save me from what happens inside these walls† she whispered, voice cracking. Victims like this must go through the injustice of not being able to feel safe in their own home or even their own skin. Whether it be inflicting harm for the victim through physical abuse, toying with their emotions through emotional abuse, or financially controlling them through financial abuse, abusers find ways for many women to suffer from domestic abuse in their daily lives. Physical abuse is one of the many aspects of domestic abuse. This type of abuse is most known as it can be seen with one’s own eyes. However, physical abuse doesn’t always have to happen on the victim. In many cases, physical abuse can happen somewhere near the victim. It shows that â€Å"When a partner is violent near or around you, doing things like punching a hole in the wall, the message is ‘Next time this could be your head'† (Carlson 146). Numerous amounts of people will brush off the incident and believe that it will not mean anything in the future but this sort of act can escalate quickly and leave the victim in shambles. If this message is given, the abuser is releasing their anger on an object physically and it will not be long before the abuser directs their anger on their victim – the one who caused their distress. Once they direct their anger on the victim, it can lead to extreme violence that the victim is not capable of keeping under control. Sam is a victim who had been physically abused herself. She speaks out about one of the stories of her journey with physical abuse:I was at home and I cooked his dinner†¦he came home when the food was on the table. He was like ‘Oh, it’s too cold,’ so I put it in the microwave and warmed it up. I gave it to him and he said it was too hot†¦and you start to get this worried feeling like ‘It’s going to happen. He’s going to hurt me.’ He threw the plate and smashed it against my head and he started beating me up and kicking me on the floor and punching. (Sam?)This is an example of severe physical abuse. Here, the abuser takes a typical, simple misunderstanding and exaggerates it until it reaches its full capacity. In most cases, those who are in healthy relationships would be able to work this out without it becoming physical. The victim shows that she has the constant worry of not wanting to go against the abuser’s needs. Thus, they are always tip toeing around the abuser and the second they do something even the slightest bit wrong, it becomes another heated fight. This instance is just one glimpse of what a day in the life of a physically abused partner must go through. There are always other cases. Some outcomes of physical abuse could even be fatal. This is one of the more extreme cases of physical abuse. It should be known that â€Å"One woman is fatally shot by a spouse, ex-spouse, or dating partner every 14 hours† (â€Å"NCADV†). Many do not understand the significance of homicide in physical abuse and do not link this importance to the fact that it still happens. This statistic shows that those who are in domestic abuse relationships are at a very high risk of being killed by their significant other. How to cite The Sudden Blow, Papers

The Greek Tragedy and the Frank Epos Finding the Points of Contact

The Lion’s Pride of the Hero: Song of Roland vs. The Iliad Although the authors of the greatest poems ever written throughout the history of the mankind can be split by time and distance, their ideas intertwine in a paradox and inexplicable way. In spite of the fact that Homer and the unknown author of Song of Roland could never meet, the two poems have so much in common that one might think that the Providence Itself guided the stylus of Homer and the hand of the unknown writer. As Matthew Russell said, â€Å"The comparison of The Song of Roland with The Iliad is inevitable† (Song of Roland, 200).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Tragedy and the Frank Epos: Finding the Points of Contact specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the writings of the Ancient Greece were the earliest documents which survived harsh time-testing, Homer was considered the first man to introduce the rest of the manki nd such things as moral principles and certain moral rules. Indeed, the poems of his are a mosaic of all kinds of admonitions. It is important that Homer was the first to teach the ancient world a lesson of morals. He spoke of such things as pride, duty and honor, explaining people what is considered good and what is taken as bad and indecent. Thus, the first lesson of pride is taught in his poem The Iliad. Homer showed that the pride of a hero, who was actually half-God in the ancient Greek understanding, is something as strong as a stone. Among the qualities of a hero, the pride and the honor were of the utmost importance, according to Homer. Next to Achilles’ pride, there is Roland and his own heroism. Proving reckless and at the same time devoted to his friends, Roland is closer to the modern understanding of a hero who sacrifices himself not for the sake of an exploit, but for whom and what he values most. Learning to be Dutiful: Roland and Achilles Because of different time context and the different environment, the writers approached the role of duty in quite different ways. While Homer’s Achilles takes his duty from completely practical point of view, which is to protect the homeland and its citizen from the Trojans, Roland takes both the duty to fight and the responsibility for his friends in battle as the equal ones. To put it in simpler words, Achilles’ duty is to fight for his home, while Roland’s duty is fighting for his principles. It is worth paying attention to the fact that Achilles decides to stop the battle for Agamemnon, while Roland never leaves his friends in need, even when his own life comes at a stake. Thus, â€Å"The Iliad of the Franks† (Song of Roland, 200) developed the ideas of its ancestor. However, it must be mentioned that both poems equally value the civil duty of a warrior. Homer and the unknown French poet were preoccupied with the idea of patriotism to the same extent, it seems. Despite al l the difficulties, their heroes fight for their ideas and for the future, though the characters never know if they will see this future.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the Problem of Religion, or the Complicity of God-and-Man Relationships Since the question of religion is one of the trickiest subjects, the arguments concerning the religious issues in both poems never cease. Because of the modern religious ideas, the ones in the poems can seem rather savage-like for an average man, yet these ideas prove quite well-developed ones for their epoch, both provoking and providing food for thoughts. It is obvious that Song of Roland makes God the supernatural creature which is both just and powerful. In the fight between Pinabel and Thierry, He helps the latter, and Thierry, though times weaker than Pinabel, wins. God stays an invisible talisman of justice. In contrast to t he French epos, The Iliad depicts God as a cruel and savage force. In Homer’s understanding, Greek gods can possess the same drawbacks as people do. Thus, The Iliad, the grandiose epic poem, and Song of Roland, a bridge between the Greek mythology and classical theology, prove to have a lot of things in common. Despite the time and space gap, the two writers could think in unison. This is another proof to the idea that literature can be a link between civilizations. Works Cited Song of Roland. Trans. Matthew Russell. Berkeley: UC Press, 1883. Print. The Song of Roland and Its Critics. The Periodical. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914. Print. This essay on The Greek Tragedy and the Frank Epos: Finding the Points of Contact was written and submitted by user Serenity Blevins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Great Wall of China and The Petronas Towers Essays

The Great Wall of China and The Petronas Towers Essays The Great Wall of China and The Petronas Towers Paper The Great Wall of China and The Petronas Towers Paper As Asia in the recent past has opened itself up economically to the world through trade and business, so too has it opened up to tourism and the benefits that come with this new and ever-changing industry. More specifically, the variety of visitor attractions on offer around the world has developed significantly in the past twenty years (Stevens, 2000), especially in Asia, and is influenced by a variety of factors. This essay will examine two distinctly different yet similar visitor attractions in China and Malaysia, namely the Great Wall of China and the Petronas Towers, and appropriately analyse issues such as product development, market segmentation, transportation, and the overall business environment. By comparing and contrasting these attractions, it can be seen that they overlap continuously to give a dynamic representation of the visitor attraction market as a whole. Before delving into the history of these attractions, the term visitor attraction as it relates to the management and organisation of attractions in general must be defined. A complete definition, given by the English Tourism Council, states that A permanently established excursion destination, a primary purpose of which is to allow public access for entertainment, interest or education; rather than being principally a retail outlet or venue for sporting, theatrical or film performances. It must be open to the public without prior booking, for published periods each year, and should be capable of attracting tourists or day visitors as well as local residents. In addition, the attraction must be a single business, under a single management nd must be receiving revenue directly from visitors. (English Tourism Council, 2000b:24) This is relevant for both destinations, with the Great Wall allowing public access for education, open without prior booking, attracting all different visitors as well as local residents, and is receiving revenue from these tourists and The Petronas Towers, which is open without prior booking, attracting international visitors as well as locals especially for shopping interests, and is owned under a single management. Defining these two attractions in depth, it is found that both attractions fall under the category of Human made buildings, structures and sites that were designed for a purpose other than attracting visitors. (Swarbrooke, 2001:5) As well, since both attractions are owned by the public sector, their main priorities are conservation, education, public access, and increased leisure opportunities for the community. (Swarbrooke, 2001:10) In order to fully understand these two visitor attractions, it is imperative to go back to their beginnings and uncover the rich historical development that each attraction possesses. The Great Wall is by far the most famous fortification in the world, stretching more than 8,850 kilometres across China. (BBC, 2009) Its early origins can be seen from the 5th century through to 1644 when Beijing was taken by the Mongols from the North at the Shanhaiguan entrance of the Great Wall. Turnbull, 2007:6) Most of the ancient walls have eroded since then, and the Great Wall that most tourists witness today is that from the Ming Dynasty. It should be noted that the costs of the wall were great, with a possible one million people losing their lives building the wall throughout history, it has been given the title of the longest cemetery on earth. (Noll, 2010) Tourism can be said to have been developed from the 17th-20th century along with The Great Walls fame and popularity, reaching attraction status in 1957 with the opening of Badaling. Visit CHN, 2009) Restoration and rebuilding took place throughout the 20th century for tourism development and benefits, and in 1987 was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2010) With the opening up of trade with the West and its induction into the World Trade Organisation in 2001, China has developed adequate tourism facilities and attractions centred on the Great Wall for the new, large influx of visitors including museums, restaurants, hotels, chair lifts, and souvenir stalls to name a few. (Pillai, 2010) Contrasting the extensive historical development of The Great Wall going back centuries, The Petronas Twin Towers are a relatively new attraction. The Petronas gas and oil company began in 1974, and is still today owned by the Malaysian government. As of 2009, Petronas has risen to 80th largest company in the world according to Fortune 500 as well as being Asias most profitable company. (Fortune Magazine, 2009) In 1990, a competition was held to find the best architect and design group to develop a world renowned symbol for Malaysia. Pelli Crosby, 2005:7) Developing on the 100 acre site that formerly belonged to the Selangor Turf Club, the winning architects Cesar Pelli and Djay Cerico under the direction of Julius Gold, began work in 1991 on what was to be the Petronas Towers. (Pelli Crosby, 2005:8) After 7 years, $1. 6 billion dollars, 10,000 workers, and eight million square feet of shopping and entertainment facilities later, the Petronas Towers were complete. From 1998-2004, t he Petronas Towers held the position as tallest building in the world, which ended when it was surpassed by Taipei 101. The Skybridge, which is the main tourist attraction, is the highest two story bridge in the world, and only 1700 tickets are given out per day. (Petronas Twin Towers, 2010) As the historical context has been put into place, it is now relevant to examine the provisions at both visitor attractions to gain better insight into their respective operations. The Great Wall of China operates at several different sites along the Wall, although for a detailed analysis, focus will be placed on the site of Badaling which is the most popular entry since it is the nearest to Beijing. The entry to the Badaling section of the Great Wall is located 200 meters to the North of the pass, where there is a Tourism Information Centre with an information desk offering guide maps, routes, and services all in one spot. (badaling. gov. cn, 2009) As well, the increasing need to generate alternative revenue streams has led to an expansion of the core activities in many new and existing attractions, with very few now opening without some element of retail or catering. (Fyall, Garrod, Leask, Wanhill, 2008:5) This can be seen through the entry, where the tourist will find souvenir shops, handicraft artists, and paintings, some of which are prize winning works by the Beijing Tourist Commodity Design Competition. (badaling. gov. cn, 2009) South of the pass, is the Badaling Hotel and International Dining Room that was built in 1986 by the Beijing Municipal Government and has received since then, more than 100 foreign heads of states, including U. S. presidents and the Queen, as well as nearly two million tourists. badaling. gov. cn, 2009) Some of the more recent provisions have been controversial, in that they may be changing the feel of the Great Wall from a heritage and cultural site, to a theme park style attraction. These provisions include bear pits, where tourists can feed the local sun bears, as well as the Biconvex Pulley which lifts tourists to the fourth tower (of eight) for a round trip price of 60 yuan. (Travel China Guide, 2010) At other sites, such as Mutianyu, toboggan rides down are a popular new attraction. This could be due to current trends indicating an increasing need for attractions to appeal to broader audiences and to generate ever greater levels of external income, resulting in an increased mix of product offering and choice for the visitor. (Fyall, Garrod, Leask, Wanhill, 2008:7) There are also cultural offerings on display, including the Circle Cinema and the China Great Wall Museum. The Circle Cinema is the largest 360 degree circle cinema in the country. (badaling. gov. cn, 2009) The Great Wall movie is presented on the seamless screen using the latest technology and 10 projectors. Next door is the China Great Wall Museum, which looks at the Great Wall in its entirety from its history, military achievements, architecture, culture, and art. Its main purpose is for education, with interim exhibitions and academic seminars. (badaling. gov. cn, 2009) Comparing the Great Wall attractions to the Petronas Towers, it can be seen that the latter is more focused on commercialism than history and therefore offers a different array of provisions for tourists and locals alike. Until recently, the main attraction was the Skybridge at the Petronas Towers which connects the two buildings on the 41st floor. A total of 1700 tickets were given out for free at 9:00am every morning and groups of 15 are taken up to the bridge. Afterwards, the visitor could then go shopping in the adjoined Suria Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) Shopping Complex. However, recently, many new changes have taken place to expand the attractions offered. (Petronas Twin Towers, 2010) Visit packages are now be offered that not only include a visit to the famous Skybridge, but also a visit to an observation deck on a top floor of Tower 2 and a meal at the Malaysian Petroleum Club (MPC) within Tower 2 of the building. (Petronas Twin Towers, 2010) These packages will be priced from as low as RM3 for the Skybridge only up to RM350. Sometimes destinations only develop because of one specific visitor attraction, which is the case of the Petronas Twin Towers. Thus it is said, The marketing of these destinations tends to focus on these attractions so that they are often the symbol of the destination in the minds of tourists. (Swarbrooke, 2001:22) At the Suria KLCC, there are a range of luxury shops including Marks and Spencer, Louis Vuitton, and Tiffany and Co. s well as restaurants, a cinema, the Philharmonic Orchestra and Concert Hall, an art gallery, and a Science Discovery Centre. (Suria KLCC, 2010) The shopping and attractions bring economic benefits to Kuala Lumpur, and broaden the appeal of the Petronas Towers within the destination as it is designed with a seamless flow and user-friendly experience. This is significant, since visitors want attractions which are easy to use and where as little of their precious leisure time as possible is wasted on mundane tasks such as queuing. (Swarbrooke, 2001: 166) Before focusing on the market potential for the Great Wall, it is important to understand its catchment area. World famous attractions such as the Great Wall have a large, international catchment area with visitors from all over the world coming to the attraction. Identifying the catchment area is crucial because its population size determines likely visitor numbers and because it helps marketers to decide where to place advertisements for the attraction. (Swarbrooke, 2001:77) As well, the importance of catchment areas is pertinent as unlike commodities, the product offer has to be consumed at the place of production. (Fyall, Garrod, Leask, Wanhill 2008:349) However, while the international market is important, it is crucial to understand that domestic market potential is far greater than the international inbound market. This is due to the introduction of Golden Weeks, an improving economy, and a rise in the middle class- mainly higher income urbanites. (Mintel, 2010) To demonstrate this increase, the tourism sector has risen by 9% in revenue in 2009, and is looking to achieve an increase of 14% in 2010. (International Herald Tribune, 2010) Although leisure travel is a fairly new concept to the Chinese, as the economy grew in the 1990s, domestic trips grew 54% from 1996-2006. (IHT, 2010) The year 1999 saw the introduction of the Golden Weeks holidays aimed to increase domestic tourism. These weeks included the Lunar New Year (January-February), the National Holiday (October), and the government is looking to reinstate Labour Day Holiday (May). (Mintel, 2010)

Martin Luther King Jr Quotes

Martin Luther King Jr Quotes Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) was a principal leader of the non-violent Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. He not only began the Civil Rights Movement with the Montgomery Bus Boycott, he became an icon for the entire movement. Since King was, in part, famous for his oratory abilities, one can both be inspired and learn much by reading through these quotes by Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter From Birmingham Jail," 16 April 1963 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is, in reality, expressing the very highest respect for the law. We who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. We merely bring to the surface the hidden tension that is already alive. Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. We were here before the mighty words of the Declaration of Independence were etched across the pages of history. Our forebears labored without wages. They made cotton king. And yet out of a bottomless vitality, they continued to thrive and develop. If the cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail... Because the goal of America is freedom, abused and scorned tho we may be, our destiny is tied up with Americas destiny. "I Have a Dream" Speech, August 28, 1963 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every tenement and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old spiritual, Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last. "Strength to Love" (1963) The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. The true neighbor will risk his position, his prestige and even his life for the welfare of others. Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men. A nation or civilization that continues to produce soft-minded men purchases its own spiritual death on an installment plan. "I've Been to the Mountaintop" Speech, April 3, 1968 (the day before his assassination) Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And hes allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over, and Ive seen the promised land . . . So Im happy tonight. Im not worried about anything. Im not fearing any man. Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, December 10, 1964 I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right temporarily defeated is stronger than evil triumphant. "Where Do We Go From Here?" Speech, August 16, 1967 Discrimination is a hellhound that gnaws at Negroes in every waking moment of their lives to remind them that the lie of their inferiority is accepted as truth in the society dominating them. Other Speeches and Quotations We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools. - Speech in St. Louis, Missouri, March 22, 1964. If a man hasnt discovered something he will die for, he isnt fit to live. - Speech in Detroit, Michigan on June 23, 1963. It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, but it can keep him from lynching me, and I think thats pretty important. - Quoted in The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 13, 1962.

The effect of domestic law in international courts and tribunals Essay

The effect of domestic law in international courts and tribunals - Essay Example The paper tells that the international court is to apply â€Å"judicial decisions and teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law†. The development of law with regards to the consultation with domestic law is ambiguous and an extent cannot be declared as such. However various pleadings brought before the ICJ are replete with myriad references to legal literature and case laws. In this regards it is noteworthy that the proceedings of international courts and tribunals are often replete with judicial decisions as well as juristic writings. These are discussed below in greater detail as per their influence on the proceedings of international courts and tribunals. During the proceedings of international courts and tribunals, the decisions of international courts and municipal courts as well as publications of academics can be referred to. These references are not as sources of law but rather as means to recognise various laws established through other sources. The actual practice of the ICJ is not to refer to domestic decisions but even then the ICJ does invoke its own previous case laws. International law does not recognise the rule of stare decisis. The decision of any international court or tribunal has no binding force of any kind except that recognised by the contesting parties. Such recognition is only valid for the particular case under consideration as per Article 59 of the statute of the ICJ. ... teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations† serve as beacons for â€Å"subsidiary means for the determination of the rules of law†. Although the works of various prominent jurists are not considered as source of international law but they are considered indispensable to developing rules that are sourced from custom, treaties as well as general principles of law even those derived from the decisions of domestic courts. Such principles are accepted practice for the interpretation of international law in various cases. One such case that was utilised by an international court was the decision by the United States Supreme Court in the Paquete Habana case (175 US (1900) 677 at 700-1). 2. Conclusion Conclusively it can be said that the decisions of domestic courts are considered by international courts and tribunals but this practice is limited when compared to other sources of international law. The varying legal principles in use by different na tions restrict the use of decisions made by domestic courts in international law. â€Å"Does the Court need to consider in order for a rule to be established as customary, if there must be absolute conformity and practice with the rule or is it enough that there is a general consistency†. Do you agree with this statement? 1. Introduction When international law is considered it must be kept in mind that rules can be established as customary even if there is only general consistency with the rule and not absolute conformity. It must also be noted that absolute conformity is not possible when considering international law because states hold their interests supreme. Moreover nations cannot be forced to accept decisions taken under international law and instead international law is practiced through wilful

The 4 functions of management within the Department of Defense Assignment

The 4 functions of management within the Department of Defense - Assignment Example The three steps of planning involves setting out the goals which the organization plans to achieve , creating a plan for achieving these goals .Once the plan has been made the last function of planning is to decide how the limited resources need to be allocated in order to achieve the plan. (Richard L. Daft, 2010) The DoD is very complex in the terms of organizational structure. The planning for DoD is done at the top level of the country. The President along with the secretary of defense and the national security council determines the security needs of the country or in other word we can say that they set the goals which are to be achieved by DoD. Once the goals have to be set the plan for the execution of these goals is made by the commander in chief in consultation with senior military and intelligence officials. The allocation of resources in DoD is done by the U.S congress which controls the budget for the various plans. Various committees of both the houses examine the goals w hich have to be achieved and allocate the resources accordingly. Organizing Organizing means creating working relationships between the members of the organization to facilitate better working conditions which leads to achievement of goals. An organization structure is the outcome of this organizing activity. (Flamholtz, 1996) The structures are made to breakdown the goals into different components and assign it to individuals who can complete them. The organizational structure of the DoD is shown in the figure below – Apart from this broad level organizational structure presented above there are various agencies and departments which function under the defense secretary. (Kinnard, 1980) Leading Leading is very vital part in management. The leader determines direction, in which the employees have to move, helps them understand the roles that have to be played by them and motivates them to achieve their goals. Leader uses his power, influence and vision in order to motivate hi s employees and make them dedicated in achieving the goals that have been set. The goals made in the planning stage will never be realized without proper leaders. In DoD the functions of leader are performed by various persons. Leading is done at the top by the president who tries to motivate the nation and the whole department of defense on the general level as to why a particular war is necessary. He along with the joint chief of staff’s can motivate the soldiers only on a very broad level; the various officers who are in charge of the field units have to perform the function of leading at the ground level. They have to motivate the soldiers in their command to achieve the goals. Leading is the most complex function in DoD as it is entirely different from corporate leadership. Leadership in DoD means motivating your employees to even lay down their lives for the nation. That is why officers are trained thoroughly in order to inculcate leadership values in them. These values are very essential to win wars and to achieve the overall goals of the DoD. Controlling Controlling means evaluation. This evaluation may be mid-term or after a particular time period has elapsed. Controlling defines how well the organization is doing, how far it is from achieving the goals which have been set; any changes in the goals or resources needed to achieve the goals. Sometimes even the goals might be changed midway if they are considered to be too easy to achieve or very

The Border Cave South Africa History Essay

The Border Cave South Africa History Essay Mr. Barton W. E at first exhumed Border Cave in the year 1940. Throughout the periods of 941-1942, numerous Middle Stone Age industries were exposed. Additionally, an infant interment was established in the assemblage. These discoveries directed archaeologists to believe that there might have been previous hominid occupation in the Border cavern location. Geologist H. B. S. Cooke did geological studies of the Border Cave assemblages. In 1974, a hominid mandible was found during an excavation along with younger MSA layers. In recent years, other archaeologists including K. W. Butzer, P. B. Beaumont, and J. C. Vogel have done further excavations that revealed the youngest layers of the MSA to be 49,000 BP (Butzer, Beaumont, and Vogel 317). Location Border Cave is a cave, which is located within Zululand in South Africa. This is approximately about 400 m from Swaziland. The caves mouth opens west towards the Lembobo Mountains. These mountains are 650 meters in height and stretch north and south along 35 km wide Loweld plain. At the steps of the mountain, there are steep cliffs and escarpments. The major river of Ngwavuma River cuts through the Lembodo Mountains. The drainage lines in this area flow from west to East and have created many valleys. The Lembodo Mountains consist of many different types of rocks, but most of these types of rock are geomorphic including basalts, and ecca shales. The formation of The Border cave is attributed to differential weathering. Due to the rates of erosion, it has been determined that the large amount of the cave formed during the Pleistocene. Today, the Border Cave is circular in shape and is 40 m in width (20). The climate at Border Cave is hot in the summer and dry during the winter. From Mozambique to the Coastal Plain, the climate is a warm tropical savannah. In addition, the Lowveld is warm-mesothermal, semi-arid, without any large areas of water. Finally, the Lebomdo Mountains has climate that is sub humid. Actual rainfall numbers vary from 500m in the lowlands and 900 m in the highlands. Most of the rainfall about 75-80 % occurs during the summer. The average temperatures as measured in Nsoko records the highest mean temperature occurring during the month of January 25-26 degrees Celsius, and that the coldest monthly average occurs during June 10-0 degrees Celsius. Daily ranges can be extreme in a tropical climate. Although frosts due occur sporadically at Lowveld; Border Cave is frost-free (24). Dates The four hominid specimens found in Border Cave site layers of BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4 are believed to be examples of anatomically modern humans. According to the assemblages and dates, these layers represent the MSA industries. The hypothesis of an early Pleistocene appearance of Modern Homo sapiens is supported by the findings at Border Cave. However, many archaeologists have questioned the validity of these findings because of the inconsistencies in the stratigraphic sequences (Rainer Beaumont and Christopher 22). The archaeologists used a number of dating methods in order to accurately date the layers of BC1, BC2, BC3, and BC4. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) was used on 25 teeth found in the layers. The ESR measurements were done by two to four pieces of enamel from each tooth. Next, the uranium concentrations of the enamel and dentin were measured by neutron activation analysis (Grun, Beaumont and Stringer 1990). Based on these findings, BC1 and BC2 is ~less than 90 kya, BC3 is ~70-80 kya, and BC5 is ~50-65 kya. In addition, based on the ESR results the MSA-LSA transition is shown to occur ~35 kya earlier than often believed, and Howiesons Poort lithic industry is 45-75 kya (68). The dating of the lower levels at Border Cave has never been dated by one method. The Radiocarbon dating of these layers has been characterized as unreliable in the past. Due to this fact, it has been impossible to compare oxygen isotope record with the paleo-environment matches (Grun, Beaumont and Stringer 1990). According to the radiocarbon dating done on charcoal, the ages of the Border Cave are as follows, .65 kyr to 28.5 kyr for level 1BS.UP (below iron age layers), 33 kyr to 38.6 kyr for level 1BS.LR, 33 kyr to 45 kyr for level 1WA, and >41 kyr to 49.1 kyr for level 2BS.UP (33). Activity Areas Much evidence is present that shows that fires were quite abundant in the many of the layers of Border Cave. For example, in unit 1B, the bedrock is weathered and the colours of the sediments are discoloured to yellowish-brown. Diffuse organic matter causes this discoloration. Very dark-gray or black lenticular hearths can be found in about half of the strata. In addition, reddish oxidized aggregates have been found in unit 8. These findings show that the fires that were made in these areas burned longer and hotter than those in other areas. Also, bone ash has been found in units 3, 6, 8, and 11a. 139,000 bone fragments have been found in excavation 3A; however, only 313 bones can be identified that are not rodent. Excessive trampling of the bones around the fires caused many of the fragments to become unrecognizable (Butzer, Beaumont, and Vogel 1978).With regards to artefacts, micro-debitage was found in samples from units 3, 4, 9, 11a and 13. Most of the tools were found in units 5c, 6, 7b, and 10. The raw materials that were used include chert, rhyolite, quartz, and chalcedony. Some bone and wooden tools have been found in the later MSA layers, and ostrich egg shell beads have been found in the LSA layers (44). Given that written language was not rampart in several African cultures until the last century or two, past records of Africas history are uncommon. Yet, broken pots and buried beads, bricks and stones, as well as graves and bones may articulate as clearly as words on a page to palaeontologists, archaeologists, in addition to others competent to interpret them. Archaeology, the study of the material traces left by persons of the ancient times, is the most important resource regarding how Africans have lived at various times in the during their long history. Between 1920 and 1930, Archaeologists first discovered fossils of humanlike australopithecines. The significance of these finding was not instantaneously acknowledged, but ultimately palaeontologists become conscious of the fact that australopithecines are the most primitive human ancestors. Most possible they survived on wild foods as well as scavenging carcasses slain by large animals. A number of of the australopithecine fossils discovered in the region were persons exterminated by animals, and the sites where they were established do not essentially signify the places where they lived or made stone and bone equipments. a number of archaeological sites in southern Africa, such as Klasies River Mouth on the coast of South Africa and Border Cave in Swaziland, harbour skeletons of Homo sapiens alongside the substantiation of modern behaviour such as the progress of family groups, food sharing, and the premeditated use of resources. These locations may be more than 100,000 years old. Archaeological substantiation has revealed that, throughout the Late Stone Age, individuals of southern and central Africa were principally nomadic, moving with the periods linking low-lying lands and mountainous areas. They ensnared and hunted animals, collected a wide range of plant foods, and used aquatic resources such as shellfish. In addition, they also carefully buried their deceased, occasionally placing different objects in the grave, as well as decorated multifarious images on the walls of the shelters made of stone. The potential significance of the findings to be discovered derives largely from their relevance. During analysis of the stone artefact assemblage, a small particularly with reference to Border Cave was found to have potential for future research and significant contribution to future MSA studies. The artefact was recovered from an MSA context and thus necessarily Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, Kwa Zulu, South Africa: a Middle Stone Age sequence beginning c.195000 from Sibudu. The micro mammalian fauna from Border Cave is analysed in terms of community composition and structure. Changes in these aspects are interpreted as indicative of changes in vegetation and climate in the vicinity of the cave during the period of deposition. It would appear that vegetation comprised relatively extensive forest or thick bush and dense grass during wetter phases and fairly open savannah woodland, even open grassland, during drier periods. Variation through time in mean mandibular size in two species of Crocidura (musk shrew) was different both in the two species and from what was expected. It now seems likely that the size change constitutes a response to complex phenomena and not simply to changes in temperature. Comparison with the Boomplaas A sequence indicates that the same general pattern of change is reflected at both sites but that there was greater amplitude of change at Boomplaas A and that 18O stage 4 was dry at this site but wet at Border Cave. Evidence for periodic changes in the distribution of various species, and in some cases the mutually exclusive occurrence of ecologically equivalent species, has implications for the zoogeography of the species involved. In particular, the occurrence of Pelomys fallax (creek rat) in the lower half of the sequence is of interest in view of its present distribution 600 + km north of Border Cave. Hominids from the site of Border Cave purportedly provide direct evidence for the early emergence of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Southern Africa. ESR dating of Border Cave faunal enamel has confirmed the antiquity of the sediments, although questions persist regarding the provenience of the hominid specimens. Here we establish that, at Border Cave as elsewhere, bone mineral crystallinity, measured as the infrared (IR) splitting factor (SF), distinguishes between contemporary and recent bones on the one hand, from Middle Stone Age (MSA) bones on the other. Two hominid postcranial bones recovered in 1987 from a slumped profile, having essentially no provenience, are shown to have crystallinity indices consistent with the MSA fauna, while two of the purportedly ancient AMH specimens (BC3 and BC5) have values consistent with recent fauna. We conclude that BC3 and BC5 may be considerably younger than the sediments from which they were recovered. The archaeological deposits at Border Cave date back more than 150 000 years and are evidence of Africa having most certainly been the origin of modern humans. The site was first investigated by Prof. Raymond Dart in 1934 and he demonstrated a Middle Stone Age sequence to be present to the bedrock. In 1941 and 1942 H.B.S. Cooke, B.D. Malan and L.H. Wells returned to the site and extended Darts excavations Theirs, and subsequent excavations, have yielded incredibly rich archaeological material, including the remains of an infant, dating back about 100 000 years, buried in a grave with a shell pendant and red ochre staining suggesting that the body had been sprinkled with ochre at burial. Recent excavations have helped to clarify the cultural and stratigraphic sequences at Border Cave, and human skeletal remains recovered at this South African site may well be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry. A partial adult cranium is of particular interest, and this was originally described as quite different both from African Negro and from Bushman individuals. Eleven measurements were taken on the fossil, and these provide a basis for comparison of Border Cave with other crania drawn from extant African populations. Discriminate analysis shows clearly that the cranium lies close to the Hottentot male centroid and is within the range of modern African variation for the measurements employed. It is heavily constructed but not archaic in the fashion of Florisbad or Broken Hill. If the case for antiquity is regarded as firm, then the Border Cave skeleton suggests the presence of Homo sapiens in southern Africa before 50,000 B.P. and perhaps as early as 115,000 B.P. Hottentot or Bushman-like people may thus have inhabited southern Africa for a long time. This would be consistent with a phyletic view of human evolution, postulating an in situ transition from archaic to more modern man. Whether migration and replacement of populations may have occurred elsewhere is another question, and there is no reason to exclude this as a possibility on a local level, even if waves of replacement did not sweep the Old World late in the Upper Pleistocene. The hominid and archaeological site of Border Cave (KwaZulu, South Africa) has a stratigraphic progression that covers the Middle and Later Stone Ages. It has been projected that four hominid specimens discovered there characterize very early instances of anatomically present humans, and thus supporting the idea of an early late-Pleistocene emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa. This early emergence, on the other hand, has been queried, basically because of suspicions concerning the stratigraphic positions linked with the specimens and for the reason that of short of a steadfast chronology for the stratigraphic sequence. The results of the first complete radiometric dating study of Border Cave, by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) on teeth within sediment layers although younger than some age estimates supported the early incident of anatomically modern humans at Border Cave. Recently, human geneticists and some paleoanthropologists have also proposed an African origin for anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), although much of the proof cited is from non-African sources mainly Europe and the Middle East. Fortunately these models have stimulated reassessment of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA), the archaeological phase between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago which represents the beginnings of regional variation in technology and cultural adaptation as well as the period in which modern humans appeared. Long ignored by East African archaeologists in favour of the earliest cultural record, or, at the other extreme, Neolithic and Iron Age research, the MSA is critical to the evaluation of models of the emergence of our own species. The current arguments concerning the origin and dispersal of modern humans have been reviewed, and the importance of the MSA for the resolution of the problem. It also describes the results from a 1990 survey for MSA sites conducted in south-western Tanzania within the framework of these current models. Industrial development is represented in terms of early industries like Oldowan , Acheulian, Middle Stone Age, Later Stone Age, Lupemban Industry and Sangoan Industry Paleolithic archaeologists working in Africa divide pre-history into the Earlier, Middle and Late stone Ages, while the workers in Europe use the terms Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Lupemban industry a sub-Saharan African stone tool industry dating from the late Pleistocene, and began in like 40,000 years ago. This industry was copied from and substituted by the Sangoan industry, which is eminent in the sub-Saharan forested areas of Africa. The Lupemban industry is characterized by reasonably small, well-shaped tools such as chisels, adzes, planes (probably demonstrating intensive woodworking), side scrapers, and blades (Archaeology and Prehistory  ¶1-6). The most distinguishing feature of Lupemban tool is an elongated, lance late bifacial tip that is habitually very beautifully and finely flaked. Sangoan industry,  sub-Saharan African stone tool industry of Acheulean origin dating from about 130,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is more or less contemporary with the Faure smith industry of southern Africa. The Sangoan industry was discovered in 1920 at Sango Bay, Uganda, and is also found in other countries such as Zambia, Kenya Congo and Angola. Alternative forms of Sangoan are found in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The Sangoan industry is categorized by a class of pick, huge planes for woodworking, flake knives, scrapers, and hand axes. Early Oldowan sites span ~2.0 to 2.6 Ma and are found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zaire, Malawi, possibly South Africa, and are associated with Homo sapiens, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis. Classic Oldowan industries are characterized by bipolar and direct percussion, cores and flakes plus choppers, discoids, spheroids, and standardized small tools, including scrapers on flakes or fragments, rare burins and protobifaces, utilized unmodified flakes; and rare worked bone. Developed Oldowan stone technology is similar to Classic Oldowan but with a reduced percentage of core-choppers, discoids, polyhedrons and heavy-duty scrapers; more refined light-duty scrapers, denticulates, burins, the first appearance of awls and edge-trimmed flakes. Working of bone tools continues. In later phases of the Developed Oldowan a few crude bifaces may appear, at least where there is influence of contemporaneous Early Acheulian as in Africa. The Early Acheulian represents a major new innovation in stone knapping, the production of flake blanks, which are, in turn, used as cores for flaking more useable flakes. Products include crude hand axes with sinuous edges and large flake scars, trihedral picks, rare cleavers. The Early Acheulian has a large component of flakes; chopper, polyhedron, spheroid, heavy-duty scrapers. There is an absence of Levallois or other prepared core reduction techniques. Middle Acheulian tool technology (~500 ka to ~1 Ma) is characterized by standardization of blank shape and reduction techniques (e.g., Kombewa, Victoria West in Africa); more regularized hand axe shapes (cord form, amydaloid, lanceolate, oval), cleavers with bits made using a single flat surface scar, trihedral picks, and flake tools (mostly denticulates, notches, scrapers). Some assemblages have only core-choppers and flakes and these may be interpreted as different technological traditions, for example, persistence of Developed Oldowan, or just different function assemblages within the same tradition. Later Acheulian tool technology is characterized by bifaces that are more symmetrical and refined than in the Middle Acheulian, with well-made, sometimes beautiful, cordiform, amygdaloid, and ovate hand axes. In some assemblages ovates dominate. There is greater use of soft hammer; increase use of Levallois technique, but some sites no Levallois; disappearance of core-choppers; and often the length of hand axes decreases. Denticulates, notches, and scrapers continue. In Africa late sites contemporaneous with Final Acheulian, may have stone assemblages that contain a few blades. Just as the Developed Oldowan was contemporaneous with the Early Acheulian innovation, so the Final Acheulian is contemporaneous with the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age. Final Acheulian tool technology is characterized by multiple reduction strategies, Acheulian bifaces, sometimes made on Levallois flakes, Levallois and disc cores; variable presence of hand axes, cleavers as well as points and blades. Early Middle Paleolithic (Early Middle Stone Age) (~150 to 300 ka). Just as the Early Acheulian innovation was contemporaneous with the Developed Oldowan, so the MiddlePaleolithic (Middle Stone Age) is contemporaneous with the Final Acheulian. First appearing in Africa and Southwestern Asia, Early Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age tool technology is characterized by elongated or large, relatively thick, blades and point blanks flaked from radial, single or opposed platform cores, recurrent and some Levallois, with minimal preparation of striking platform; retouched points-many elongated, prismatic blades, end scrapers and burins common; no backed microliths; evidence of hafting points and blades (tangs, grooves, mastic); intra-regional point styles suggesting diverse cultural traditions; and use of colour pigments, which becomes extensive by Mid-MSA/MP. This technological innovation is associated with archaic Homo sapiens, such as Homo helmei in Africa. Mid-Middle Palaeolithic (Mid-Middle Stone Age) (~60 to 150 ka). This is the key time period for Homo sapiens out-of-Africa hypotheses. The Mid-MSA/MP technological mode appears in Africa around 150 ka and fades into the Late-Middle Paleolithic (Late MSA), which, in Africa, marks the emergence of the Later Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic) technology mode around 60 ka. I acknowledge this 60 ka lower boundary for the Mid-MSA as somewhat arbitrary; it is for purposes of simplification but also perhaps-at least from the limited perspective of my review-more fitting than, for instance, a 50 ka boundary as some would argue. In palaeoclimate terms, Mid-MSA assemblages appear to correlate pretty much with Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 4 (~59-74 ka) and OIS 5 (~74-130 ka). Upper Paleolithic (Later Stone Age) (~5 to 60 ka; OIS3 ~24-59 ka; African dry spell 20- 60 ka). Early, Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic/Early, Middle and Late Later Stone Age tool industries are characterized by retouched blades and bladelets, scrapers on blades, small and microlithic tools; bone tools, soft hammer, and even more art than prior periods. Micro-Bladelet Mid- and Late-UP. As the focus of this meta-review has been the question of the occurrence of major waves of globalization in modes of tool making and symbolic behaviour and given the mass of research findings available on Upper Paleolithic sites across the regions, I gathered only highlights of a partial subset of sites. Keeping this limitation in mind, considering Mid-UP assemblages, especially those using micro blade core reduction for bladelets and backed blades and bladelets, by region it appears that this specialized technology appears in Africa around 30 ka. Backed microliths occur at Enkapune ya Muto Shelter, Kenya, from the earliest EUP level almost ~50 ka (AS1998), though if counted as EUP, then early micro blades occur, for example, at Ntumot, Ntuka River, Kenya, (14C, AAR) ~30-32 ka (AS2002). Border Cave has now yielded more than one million Stone Age implements, as well as the remains of at least 43 mammal species, including elephant and three others that are now extinct. Also revealed in the cave was the Lebombo Bone,one of the few oldest known artefact related to the essential arithmetical activity of counting. Dated to 37 000 BP, the Lebombo Bone is a little section of baboon fibula which has been engraved with 29 notches, similar to the calendar sticks still used by Bushmen in the Kalahari today. The remains of Early and Middle Stone Age people have been found, especially Middle Stone Age from the pulse in the warm period, maybe 125,000 years ago. The Border Cave archaeological site in the Lebombo Mountains on the modern border between KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland are of more importance in Africa, and the world, with continuity of occupation at least from that time.

Dreams of Men versus Women: Heineken Commercial Essay

The host shows her new walk-in closet, full of clothes, shoes, and jewelries, and her friends react with high-pitched screams and hugs. This action goes in hand with their flat characters, as the audiences anticipate women to express and over-exaggerate emotions. In the mid-excitement, a new group of characters are introduced. A group of four European males in their 30s, much like the female group of four, are screaming, squealing, yelling, Jumping, crying, and fanning inside a walk- in fridge, full of Heineken beers. These males are round characters, because their actions are unpredictable to the audiences. There is no narrator in this video. The story is communicated directly to the audiences without any added commentaries. There is a short statement at the end of the video: â€Å"Heineken, serving the planet†, which serves as a logo and theme of the product. The event takes place in someone’s home, most likely a condo. There is a house- warming party taking place, and the atmosphere is happy and lively. The major active event of this video is the group of four European males reacting and expressing their motions to the walk-in fridge full of Heineken beer. This event is shown in much detail, including close-ups of each man’s facial expressions and body language. The major stative events of this video are excitement, cheeriness, and happiness. These events are portrayed throughout the video, from the beginning to the end. The minor events of this video are: the house-warming party and the group of European females reacting to the walk-in closet. The video displays enough information to let the audience know that there is a house-warming party taking place – there are eople hanging out, drinking and talking in the apartment, and the host is guiding ner guests and gesturing around each room. Reaction ot the temale group is shown in some detail so that the audience can see the resemblance between the female and male groups. There are a number of cause-and-effect relationships that can be pointed out in the Heineken beer advertisement video. The relationship that is most important to the purpose of the video is Heineken beer walk-in fridge causing the group of males to overly express their excitement. Another relationship that has an effect on the goal of his video is walk-in closet causing the group of females to overly express their excitement. These two relationships are independent of each other, but must be compared with each other to deliver the message effectively. Another cause-and- effect relationship that can be mentioned is the house-warming party causing the male and female hosts to show off their new home. This relationship is the beginning of the story, but is not absolutely necessary to deliver the message. All three effects are caused by human action – showing around the house and expressing excitement. The temporal relation of the Heineken beer commercial is syntagmatic, because one event leads naturally to another. The story maintains the same speed throughout the video, and the temporal speed is similar to the real world. The intended audience of this Heineken beer advertisement is mature middle-class adults. This video is targeted towards men, more so than women. The video is portraying Heineken as a passion of men and mocks women during the process. The audiences are presumed to have stereotypes toward men and women: women express their emotions much more dramatically compared to men, and women are uch more noisy and bouncy compared to men. This advertisement is suggesting that the worth of beer to men is comparable to women’s passion for fashion. The event seems to be the most important in terms of contributing to the ultimate moral. The characteristics of actors and actresses also play an important role, especially in identifying the intended audience. However, the main method of getting the message across was the action of men expressing their excitement and bouncing up and down like little girls. There are several potential implications of this advertisement to a bigger matter. This ideo is reinforcing the existing stereotypes of men and women. Actions and reactions of actors and actresses imply that it is abnormal for men to express their excitement. The video also reinforce that women are suppose to love and have passion for fashion. In many families, boys are raised to be tough and to hide their emotions, whereas girls are raised to look pretty and to express their feelings. The Heineken advertisement implies that it is normal to have gender stereotypes. Although there are undeniable differences between genders, popular culture encouraging stereotypes can lead to sexism in our lives.

What is Evidence in Essay

What is Evidence in Essay In order to gain the hearts of your readers, it is important to possess strong arguments. What is a strong argument? Usually, it is the one which is convincing enough and is presented in the clearest manner possible. In order to create convincing argument, one should take into consideration one of the most significant convincing argument’s elements – evidence. In general, one uses evidence in order to: Plan the debate. Point out where his argument is incorporated in the debate. In particular, evidence can be used in several ways: To show the difference between several opinions. To build up cause-effect relation. To disprove the opinion of an opponent. For confirmation of one’s claims and logic. To compare different things that will be the stimulation for some further argument. It is essential to use quotations in order to make your position differ from the other ones in this argument’s spectrum. You can do it in different manners. For example, you can summarize the argument of some person and mention her/his name. In this case, there should be a reference to the source so that your reader could have an opportunity to check it. One can also use short quotations in order to sum up the argument. In this case, you have to provide your readers with the author’s exact words and proper citation. Sometimes, the position of writer can be very important and capture the main idea very well. In such cases, you can use some long quotation. It can turn out to be very effective, especially if it is a springboard for your future study. If the quotation you use to support your argument is, for example, longer than 30 words, you can decrease the margins. If the quotation is indented, there’s no need to use quotation marks. For further information on quotations’ formatting style you can view specific citation style manuals.

Divergence of Hungarian and Finnish Languages

Geographic isolation is a term commonly used in biogeography to explain how a species might diverge into two distinct species. What is often overlooked is how this mechanism serves as a major driving force for many cultural and linguistic differences among different human populations. This article explores one such case: the divergence of Hungarian and Finnish. Origins of the Finno-Ugrian Language Family Also known as the Finno-Ugrian language family, the Uralic language family consists of thirty-eight living languages. Today, the number of speakers of each language varies immensely from thirty (Votian) to fourteen million (Hungarian). Linguists unite these diverse tongues with a hypothetical common ancestor called the Proto-Uralic language. This common ancestral language is posited to have originated in the Ural Mountains between 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. The origin of the modern Hungarian people is theorized to be the Magyars who resided in the dense forests on the Western side of the Ural Mountains. For unknown reasons, they migrated to western Siberia at the beginning of the Christian era. There, they were vulnerable to the onslaught of military attacks by eastern armies such as the Huns. Later, the Magyars formed an alliance with the Turks and become a formidable military power that raided and fought throughout Europe. From this alliance, many Turkish influences are evident in the Hungarian language even today. After being driven out by the Pechenegs in 889 CE, the Magyar people searched for a new home, eventually settling on the outer slopes of Carpathians. Today, their descendants are the Hungarian people who still inhabit the Danube Valley. The Finnish people split off from the Proto-Uralic language group approximately 4,500 years ago, traveling west from the Ural Mountains to ​the south of the Gulf of Finland. There, this group split into two populations; one settled in what is now Estonia and the other moved northward to modern-day Finland. Through differences in region and over thousands of years, these languages diverged into unique languages, Finnish and Estonian. In the middle ages, Finland was under Swedish control, apparent from the significant Swedish influence present in the Finnish language today. The Divergence of Finnish and Hungarian The diaspora of the Uralic language family has led to geographic isolation between members. In fact, there is a clear pattern in this language family between distance and language divergence. One of the most obvious examples of this drastic divergence is the relationship between Finnish and Hungarian. These two major branches split approximately 4,500 years ago, compared with Germanic languages, whose divergence commenced an estimated 2,000 years ago. Dr. Gyula Weà ¶res, a lecturer at the University of Helsinki in the early twentieth century, published several books about Uralic linguistics. In Finland-Hungary Album (Suomi-Unkari Albumi), Dr. Weà ¶res explains that there are nine independent Uralic languages that form a language chain from the Danube valley to the coast of Finland. Hungarian and Finnish exist on the polar opposite ends of this language chain. Hungarian is even more isolated due to its peoples history of conquering while traveling across Europe toward Hungary. Excluding Hungarian, the Uralic languages form two geographically continuous language chains along major waterways. Coupling this vast geographic distance with several thousand years of independent development and vastly differing history, the extent of the language diversion between Finnish and Hungarian is not surprising. Finnish and Hungarian At first glance, the differences between Hungarian and Finnish seem overwhelming. In fact, not only are Finnish and Hungarian speakers are mutually unintelligible to each other, but Hungarian and Finnish differ significantly in basic word order, phonology, and vocabulary. For example, although both based on the Latin alphabet, Hungarian has 44 letters while Finnish has only 29 in comparison. Upon closer inspection of these languages, several patterns reveal their common origin. For example, both languages employ an elaborate case system. This case system uses a word root and then the speaker can add several prefixes and suffixes in order to tailor it for their specific needs. Such a system at times leads to extremely long words characteristic of many Uralic languages. For example, the Hungarian word megszentsà ©gtelenà ­thetetlensà ©ges translates to a thing that is almost impossible to make unholy, originally coming from the root word szent, meaning holy or sacred. Perhaps the most significant similarity between these two languages is the relatively large number of Hungarian words with Finnish counterparts and vice versa. These common words generally are not exactly alike  but can be traced to a common origin within the Uralic language family. Finnish and Hungarian share approximately 200 of these common words and concepts, most of which concern everyday concepts such as body parts, food, or family members. In conclusion, despite the mutual unintelligibility of Hungarian and Finnish speakers, both originated from a Proto-Uralic group that resided in the Ural Mountains. Differences in migration patterns and histories led to geographic isolation between language groups that in turn led to the independent evolution of language and culture.